Discuss Thomas Paine's THE RIGHTS OF MAN as a product of its time Essay

Discuss Thomas Paine's THE RIGHTS OF MAN as a product of its time - Essay Example But in 1793, he was imprisoned in France for not supporting the execution of the French King, Louis XVI. While being imprisoned, he wrote the Age of Reason, an anti-church work, and very narrowly escaped execution due to efforts of US Minister James Munroe and later went to America on an invitation from Thomas Jefferson where he died a rather disillusioned man in 1809. Thomas Paine was undoubtedly one of the most intellectual products of his time. His time was dominated by the French Revolution, the most important and horrifying event in Europe. While completely supporting the French Revolution, Paine was against the total anarchy, lawlessness and brutality that the revolution unleashed in the name of liberty. He could not bring himself to support the terrible execution of the monarch and was unhappy about the pointless murders and humility of noble families. Even modern thinkers of the time, who had supported the Revolution, could not celebrate the unending rule of terror that eliminated a large number of guiltless and wiped out great scientists like Lavoisier â€Å"Every generation is, and must be, competent to all the purposes which its occasions require. It is the living, and not the dead, that are to be accommodated. When man ceases to be, his power and his wants cease with him; and having no longer any participation in the concerns of this world, he has no longer any authority in directing who shall be its governors, or how its government shall be organized, or how administered1† He was very conscious of the changing needs of people and societies. He always emphasized that the needs have to change according to times, needs could not be stagnant and old principles could not apply to new surroundings. Men can only take the old times as guidance wherever applicable, but they definitely cannot replicate old times to suit the new ones. In that context, again he argues: â€Å"The circumstances of the world are

Books of the bible Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Books of the bible - Essay Example Another historical account that emphasizes what happens when people refuse to live under the leadership of God. Elisha's ministry is covered as well as the fall of the northern kingdom. I Chronicles This book lists the chronology of Israel, including the history of the nation and the tribes. Also covered in this book is the reign of David. II Chronicles This book looks into the reign of Solomon, focusing on the unification of Israel. The history of the northern tribe and its revolt is covered as well as Judah's exile to Babylon. Ezra Ezra follows Chronicles with the history of Israel, focusing on their return to the land after being captive. Nehemiah This historical account follows Nehemiah's return to Jerusalem to rebuild the city walls. In addition, Nehemiah also establishes policies and Ezra renews the covenant. Esther Esther is the account of how God's people survived in Persia, focusing on how Esther became queen of Xerxes. Job The purpose of this book is to illustrate the meaning of faith through suffering. This is emphasized through Job's trials and tribulations. Psalms This is a book of poetry, written by David and others that praise God. The Psalms can also be seen as a historical accounts in that they parallel historical events. Proverbs This books is a collection of wise sayings. It is often referred to as a textbook for living a Godly life. Its main theme is wisdom and fear of the Lord. Ecclesiastes Written by Solomon, this book is a collection of situations that is intended to spare readers from the painful experiences of life. Song of Solomon This book is focused on love that exists between a husband and wife. Solomon is the author and his verses emphasize the sanctity of marriage. Isaiah This book is written by... This book explains how Israel prepared to enter their promised land and it is covers the years at Sinai and Moab. Numbers also describes events that are guided by God, who is perceived as a deliverer. This book is an historical account of Daniels' exile in Babylon. He served under the government of Nebuchadnezzar and his descendents. The purpose of this book is to illustrate God's control in our lives.

Wind energy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wind energy - Research Paper Example In addition to that, sources of energy are readily depleting. Nevertheless, electricity is the most basic requirement of the contemporary society (Ummets). There is dire need to look out for cost effective and environment friendly sources if energy like wind energy. Wind is a type of solar energy, which is formed by the uneven distribution of heat coming from the sun in the atmosphere. Different factors contribute to the uneven distribution of heat that include but are not limited to the earth’s rotation, and uneven surface of earth. The terrain of earth, the cover of vegetation on it and the water reservoirs all serve to control the pattern of flow of wind. If the wind turbines are used to harvest this flow of wind, the motion energy can serve as a potential source of electricity. Wind power and wind energy are terms with the same meaning that explain the process of use of wind to produce the mechanical power (Wing Energy Guide). It is essentially a power which is gained from wind (Smith). When the wind turbines are installed, the kinetic energy contained in wind is transformed into the mechanical energy, which can then be utilized to do various kinds of works like pumping water and crushing grains.

The implication of Foreign Direct Investments (FDIs) in China's Essay

The implication of Foreign Direct Investments (FDIs) in China's Economy - Essay Example entury, most of the countries in the world used to view FDI as a major threat to the local industries, a factor that led to adoption of liberalized policies that strongly discouraged foreign inflows into their countries (Huang 31). On the other hand, some other countries like China adopted an open door policy that promoted foreign investments, a factor that can be attributed to the intense growth the country’s economy has been experiencing in the past few decades. Many studies have shown that China is currently the major destination of foreign direct investment from many parts of the world. However, Chinese have also been aggressive in making investments in other foreign countries with African region being their major target (Huang 25). This research paper is going to explore the impact of FDIs in Chinese Economy, point out the key determinants of FDIs as well as highlight the future expectation of FDIs in China. Effects of FDI on the recipient countries have been a touchy area of research in commerce, economics and politics (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Staff 56). In this particular area, there are two approaches that are commonly applied namely the macro approach and the micro approach. Macro approach encompasses empirical scrutiny of effects of FDI on the general economic evolution in areas related to creation of employment, business and industry as well as international relationships. On the other hand, micro economic approach focuses on the impacts of FDI on the grass root economy in various sectors like skills development and employment generation specifically establishment of small businesses being highly emphasized on (Huang 40). FDI has helped China a lot in creating good and reliable networks with other major countries and corporates. It has played a major role in creation of employment and enablement of utilization of local resources (Chen 96). Relatively well paying jobs have been created in the country as business

Compare and contrast the responses of Japan, China, and India to Essay

Compare and contrast the responses of Japan, China, and India to Western Imperialism - Essay Example China sort of made the rules and had the technology and was powerful, so they were able to fend off Western intervention for a long time. But when their defenses finally broke down in the nineteenth century, China collapsed. Japan fended it off almost entirely. That's why Japan is the one area of the Third World that developed. That's striking. The one part of the Third World that wasn't colonized is the one part that's part of the industrialized world. That's not by accident† (Chomsky, 1993). India, China and Japan demonstrate that there is a direct correlation between degree of involvement and colonization and ultimate success. India is the most colonized of the three: It was largely controlled by the British by the 1700s (Keay, 2001; Chomsky, 1993). In the 16th century, it was already dealing with extensive incursions from Portugal, the Netherlands, France and Britain, and the Europeans eventually emerged victorious over Muslim and Hindu kings, with the East India Company ta king much of the country's control until the Sepoy Mutiny brought it under direct control of the crown (Keay, 2001, 250-500). India is a very complex country: A leader of the non-aligned movement, one that tried to balance between Communism and capitalism, Leninism and free markets... (Khilnani, 1999). Nonetheless, it was in many ways uniquely devastated by colonization. It had burgeoning industries of large-scale sophistication, with good quality in crops and shipbuilding and prosperity in many ways comparable to the Europeans (Keay, 2001; Chomsky, 1993). That was consciously destroyed. The result is that â€Å"India's rural landscape looks rather different from that of most tropical ex-colonies† (Keay, 2001, 448). Two crops were developed, indigo and poppy, across the country, and tea and cotton is still grown in Assam and Kerala, but in most areas, small cottages still produce without much capitalization or integration (Keay, 2001, 448-449). Nehru, in a review of Indian de velopment, found a direct correlation between poverty and length of European control: â€Å" When the British first moved into Bengal, it was one of the richest places in the world. The first British merchant warriors described it as a paradise. That area is now Bangladesh and Calcutta—the very symbols of despair and hopelessness† (Chomsky, 1994, 56). Of course, it's an important point to make that at least in India, the native population wasn't simply exterminated, like in North America. India is a growing economy now, but with a billion people, it is still nowhere near as prosperous as countries with one-fifth or less of its population size. In 2009, the United States had $45,989 per capita, the UK had $35,165 and India had $1,134. For comparison, China has $3,744 GDP per capita and Japan $39,738 (World Bank, 2009). Per capita income variation among these three countries is thirty fold: India was totally integrated and is now a Third World country; China resisted to some extent and is a Second World country; and Japan kept the Europeans at bay almost entirely and is a First World country. India was explored because of tea, cotton, indigo, and for the standard reasons for colonization: A market for cheap goods and cheap employment (Keay, 2001). However, unlike many other colonies, India was also colonized to destroy its native industries so as to prevent competition (Chomsky, 1993). Meanwhile, China was not fully colonized, but major efforts were made

Forces that Shaped Women Essay Example for Free

Forces that Shaped Women Essay Indeed, it can be said that what has become of the women of the present day is shaped by forces other than the history. It is easy to discern that the history has been filled with stories of great men and had been mostly the chronicles of the undertakings of the males. Thus, it has focused only on them and their recounting. Also, it could be noticed that even the history, whether it be local or in relation to the international arena, is divided according to the male dominants of that time. They become the stone that reminded everyone of that point in the history. Although, it is not to be taken in general but it is that which prevails. Therefore, with the foregoing statement, it could really be justified that there are forces that shaped women to what they have been now. These forces prove to be more important than the history, which is leaning towards the men, and has not relied solely on the importance of the history but rather, on the other driving forces. What the woman has achieved right now is to be credited to the Women’s Movement. It is the beginning of cooperative efforts that fought against the oppression and the inequality they feel when it comes to gender relations. It was not a bloody revolution as depicted in wars, but a revolution of nobility but still with hardships encountered. The women’s movement started with an afternoon of tea on July 13, 1848. As Elizabeth Cady Stanton was invited with four friends for a cup of tea in New York, their conversations fell into the situation of women with regards to rights and freedom, which sparked the initiative to start a revolution that would end the gender oppression (Eisenberg and Ruthsdotter). This same group of women also organized the convention they called â€Å"A Convention to discuss the social, civil, and religious conditions and rights of woman† (Eisenberg and Ruthsdotter). It was in this convention that the Declaration of Sentiments was drafted and approved by the women attendees, including the right to suffrage (Eisenberg and Ruthsdotter). From these situation, it could be said that legislation and advocacy shaped women. The laws that favored them and also those which oppressed them have contributed much to what they are right now in the society. It may be more or less good that resulted to either uplifting or further depression of the women in the society. Moreover, the women of today, given the right to an education, have the chance to gain knowledge and insights within the academe (Jackson and Jones, p. 4). The wave of feminism has gone over to the institutions to bring about the change needed and to heighten the awareness of the people regarding the state of women (Jackson and Jones, p. 4). Therefore, the academe served as an avenue for the exchange of ideas and the breeding ground for the empowerment of women and served as one of the contributory factors that shaped women to what it is today (Jackson and Jones, p. 4). It is, however, to be noted that the academe only gave the chance to the women who have the capacity and the ability to enter the institution and have formal education. This will narrow down the number of women who can have the chance to reap the fruits of the driving force of women empowerment in the academe. Still, this institution served the purpose of creating an impact to the women. Also, it can be said that the women were shaped by the literature written by the intellects and experts in the field of women studies (Jackson and Jones, p. 5). The ideas of these people have perpetuated the soul and are expected to have an impact on the way the woman are. The existing literature regarding the field in practice and in theory will add up to the knowledge and awareness of women about themselves. More specifically, these theories on feminism created are â€Å"women generating knowledge about women and gender for women† (italics supplied by author) (Jackson and Jones, p. 1). It will also make them more visible and will help in the mainstreaming of women in the different portions of the society. The more literature is written about the women, the greater are the chances, too, of making them more apparent in the society and will make the whole world know that there are actually changes that are happening with the women. Slowly, it will help perpetuate fields which were previously handled by men. In the history, especially with the philosophical thinkers, most of them were men and the ideas they convey are, of course, from the viewpoint of women. The slightest taint of women in their writings is visible, if there are even any. With the help of authors, both men and women, who write about the women, more and more is known and they become incorporated into the scene of the society. Lately, different fields, some are even unexpected, have been involving women and they even succeeded. These fields give women the chance to excel and realize their full potential. Also, the role of the media, through its different mediums, is of great importance to shaping women (Thornham, p. 231). It is the fastest way of communicating to people which made advocacy and exchange of ideas a lot easier and accessible to all. Also, it can highlight the success of women in the different fields and will give an update of how they are faring especially with the issues. However, it could also influence the mindset of the women when it comes to what is expected of them. The current trends in fashion, the role expected by them of the society, the behavior they have to manifest, the attitude, and others of the same kind are being given by media the emphasis it deserves to change the line of though of women. Still, the importance of the history of women can not be totally set aside. It gives out the chronicles of important facts and will serve as a reminder to the women of today. The historical accounts regarding women are, because of their great distinction from men, are being given special shelves in certain libraries. Some also have built their own website to serve as electronic references for greater accessibility. Others may have used other forms such as paintings and other forms of art. All of these are intended to keep the fire burning and to let the people know that there existed such a thing. The books that contained literature about women’s history proves that the women had experienced a colorful and distinct past, which are not included in most ordinary history books. Different fields have their own different history such as that in sports. They highlight how the women evolved to what it currently is. It deserves special attention since books can be found in any library and can easily be located anywhere. Also, not far from the books are those articles about women in the internet. These are made available for those who do not have access to libraries or would simply want to have a faster means of seeing the past of the women. However, it is to be noted that some electronic articles go unchecked before published so it is better to be careful about historical accounts they present. Art can also be used as a very convenient and convincing way of representing women. It can give a figurative representation of women that will most clearly capture the situation of the women in the past and can give a better picture and understanding to those who chose to see it today. Another form where women’s past is represented might be through the movies and documentaries that are being produced through films, nowadays. There is the fact that some people do not have the patience to go through long articles or to identify and capture the meaning of an art. The moving picture can easily and entertainingly give the audience the chance to have a background on what transpired in the past. The history of women should not be gone into oblivion. The entitlements and the benefits enjoyed by the present generation of women are things which should be thanked for and should not be treated as something that came as natural as being born. It is a claim that was made for a long span of time and still is in continuance. Works Cited Eisenberg, B. and Ruthsdotter, M. â€Å"History of the Movement. † Living the Legacy: The Women’s Rights Movement 1848-1998. 1998. National Women’s History Project. 26 September 2007 http://www. legacy98. org/move-hist. html. Jackson, S. and Jones, J. â€Å"Thinking for Ourselves: An Introduction to Feminist Theorising. † Contemporary Feminist Theories. Ed. Stevi Jackson and Jackie Jones. NY, USA: New York University Press, 1998. 1-5. Thornham, S. â€Å"Feminist Media and Film Theory. † Contemporary Feminist Theories. Ed. Stevi Jackson and Jackie Jones. NY, USA: New York University Press, 1998. 231.

The Criminal Justice System And Race Criminology Essay

The Criminal Justice System And Race Criminology Essay Conceptions of race within the criminal justice system have always been a controversial issue. Indeed, there is no denying that in terms of prison population ethnic minorities are grossly overrepresented: despite making up only 2% of the total population of Britain, black people still make up 15% of the population of prisons (Ashworth). If one assumes that these statistics represent overt racism within the administration of the criminal justice system then calls for reform and possibility of change will be high, however there has been a tendency to see these statistics as presenting the evidence of an irreconcilable problem, of deeper seated decay within, not just in the lower echelons of the criminal justice system, but society as a whole (Chelitotis and Liebling). If this is so then the answer to whether the criminal justice system can be made to operate equitably in relation to race may require a process of deeper reforms. It is necessary to assess first the query of whether racism exists within the system and if so, to what extent. Bowling argues that there exists an either, or debate; whether the overrepresentation in the prison population is the result of a higher rate of black people committing offences, or, conversely, the result of an accumulation of bias throughout the criminal process. Waters, in his early article Race and the Criminal Justice Process, suggests that the debate can be further defined as those that fall into the legal factors camp, who believe that the reason for differences custodial sentence decisions are legal factors such as severity of offence and previous criminal record (which may in themselves be the result of broader structural and economic factors such as unemployment and poverty) and that these variables quite satisfactorily explain the predominance of black people in prison. One the other hand the extra-legal factors camp argue that over and above the racial discrimin ation experienced in society as a whole, black people receive unfair and inferior treatment by virtue of the ethnicity at the hands of a predominantly white justice system.Oxbridge Essays www.oxbridgeessays.com The research conducted by Hood would seem to suggest that there are in existence some extra legal factors and therefore discrimination in sentencing. Hood found that after samples had been matched on variables predictive of custodial sentences (e.g. seriousness of offence, previous convictions, employment, and other pre-sentence report findings) there was a 5% greater chance of being handed a custodial sentence if you were black, and that this difference (which also resulted in black defendants being sentenced for 3 months longer and Asians 9 months longer where a not guilty plea was entered). However Ashworth highlights the fact that Hoods research does not account for the fact that more black people enter guilty pleas, choose to come to the crown court where sentences given are often harsher and may disproportionately become involved in more serious crime. Thus the study is not conclusive that there does not exist a whole host of other factors why ethnic minorities may come to be w ithin the system in the first place. Indeed, Von Hirsch and Roberts in their reflections on the Hood study highlight the problems inherent in the assumption of a level playing field of the variables chosen. For example, with employment: there is evidence that black people suffer from disadvantage in the labour market, so to take this into account when sentencing would amount to an indirect form of discrimination. Thus there are clearly deeper roots of discrimination which cumulatively result in the discrepancies seen. Chelitotis and Liebling argue that differences in levels and patterns of offending may result from a vicious crime circle of stereotyping black people as more crime prone. This leads to over-policing ethnic minority neighbourhoods, thereby drawing more ethnic minorities into the criminal justice net, consequently extending their criminal records and meaning they are more likely to be sentenced severely. They are also therefore more likely to be re-targeted by the polic e, resulting, again, in increasingly punitive sentencing when they are reconvicted. Thus it would seem the problem is not merely in the overt form of discrimination, but exists throughout the system, perhaps even worsening the lower the visibility level becomes. One only needs to take a look at the stop and search statistics to see this borne out, black people being 6.5 times more likely to be stopped and Oxbridge Essays www.oxbridgeessays.com ), leading to s comment that ethnic minorities are over policed and under protected. However, once again the picture is not so clear cut; it can be argued that what the figures actually represent is differences in the type of crime committed, with ethnic minorities being more involved in street crime such as drug offences and therefore more likely to be stopped and searched in suspicion of such relatively visible activity. This is further exacerbated by social and demographic factors and by differences in work and leisure life which mean that not only are minorities in greater numbers in areas and at times where searches occur, but that more searches occur in the urban areas in which they live, in which unemployment and social deprivation are high (. Nevertheless the wide discretion accorded to police in such cases means that the prevalence of minority groups in the figures suggests some form of racism. searched than white people, and Asians twice as likely (Home Office 2005),given that the majority ofthese initial stops do not lead to anyfurther action(87%), it would seemto suggest that this is merely evidence of discriminatoryracial profilingand stereotyping.Whilst the basis of such actions is of s1 ofPACE (which permits police to stop and search with onlyreasonable suspicion)and s60 CJPOA (which permits searches without suspicion where seriousviolence is anticipated or to searchfor weapons), andtherefore essentiallylegal, its exercise can be seen as targeted (Quinton), leading to Reiners comment that ethnic minorities are over policed and under protected.However,once again the picture is not so clear cut;it can be argued that what the figures actually represent is differences in the type of crime committed,withethnic minorities being more involved in street crime such as drug offencesand thereforemore likely to be stopped and searched in suspicion of suchrelatively visibleactivit y. This is further exacerbated by social and demographicfactors and by differences in work and leisure life which mean thatnot only are minorities in greater numbers in areas and at times where searches occur, butthatmore searches occur in the urban areas in which they live, in whichunemploymentand social deprivation are high (Philips). Nevertheless the widediscretion accorded to police in such cases means that the prevalenceofminority groups in the figures suggests some formof racism. Indeed, the Macpherson Inquiry into the Stephen Lawrence affair was elucidatory on the existenceof institutional racism within the police system,defined byMacphersonas the collective failure of an organisation to providean appropriateand professionalservice to people because of their colour,culture or ethnic origin, it can be seen detected in the processes, attitudes andbehaviour which amountto unwitting prejudice, ignorance,thoughtlessnessand racist stereotypingwhich disadvantages ethnic minorities and thereforewould accountfor the disproportionate representation ofblacks in the systemand for the high level of racist incidents detected (police recorded racistincidents have increased dramatically from4,383 incidents in 1988 to 52,694 in2004-Home Office). WhilstLeahighlights that Macphersons discussion oninstitutional racismfails to locate with sufficientprecision its roots within thestructure of operational policy and the relationship between policeand minority Oxbridge Essayswww.oxbridgeessays.comOxbridge Essays www.oxbridgeessays.com too asserts that institutional racism does exist, and that it stems not only from the occupational culture of the police and the particular forms of contact they have with ethnic minorities, but also from the belief that they are dangerous classes. Stopping and searching therefore represents a form of generalised surveillance of those who they believe to have little political capital. In these ways Lea argues that racism does arise from the normal functioning of the police system, a sentiment that was echoed by a comment from the Director General of the Prison Service 2001 when he said that the prison is an institutionally racist institution which reflects an institutionally racist white society(). communities,Leatoo asserts that institutional racismdoes exist,and that itstems notonly from the occupational culture of the police and the particularforms of contact theyhave with ethnic minorities, but also fromthe belief thatthey are dangerous classes.Stopping andsearching therefore represents aformof generalised surveillance of those who they believe to have little politicalcapital. In these ways Lea argues that racism does arisefrom the normalfunctioning of the police system, a sentiment that was echoed by a commentfrom the Director General of the Prison Service 2001 when he said that theprison is an institutionally racist institution which reflects an institutionally racistwhite society(Lea). Thus it can be seen that a complex interplay of socio-economic, demographic,institutional, structuraland culturalfactors, alongside direct and indirect racialdiscrimination (Philips) are responsiblefor the overrepresentation anddiscriminatory outcomes evident in the system.Edgar and Martinconcur,suggesting that in the context ofdiscussion on discriminatory treatment withinprisons, the experiences of ethnic minorities should be see in the context ofexpectations which might have arisen fromcontact with other criminal justiceagencies. Further,Wacquentnotes that prison confines groups endowed with negative symbolic capital, and that their stigmatisation constitutes part oftherelationship between the confined and thosein authority. Just as the prison,heargues, may mirror external macro-socialtrends, so too can it lead to theirexistence by stigmatising and curtailing the life chances of ethnic minoritiesfurther. Thus once again,discrimination can be seen to be adeep-seatedissue, and one wh ich is not necessarily adequately addressed by combatingthe administration of the laws.Waters, in his article, expresses the need todistinguish between concepts ofequality and equity.Indeed, it can be seenthat equality between treatment of black and white offenders does notnecessarily equate tofairness or appropriateness, and we should strive forjustice rather than equality per se in recognition that society is notequal. This is acomparative exercise where quality meansthatsameness is notnecessarily desirable,and justice may demand some differentiation on groundsof race in order to treat all people equitably(Pinder). For example, in relation tothe employment point above, recognising the inequalities in the labour market Oxbridge Essayswww.oxbridgeessays.comOxbridge Essays www.oxbridgeessays.com notes, the challenge for the criminal justice system is to discover at what point negotiated differentiation becomes an imposed discrimination. We need to distinguish between notions of process and outcome; justice and fairness in the way laws are administered does not necessarily make them fair in and of themselves. Thus, there exists discrimination on a broad level within the criminal justice system, which needs to be recognised and addressed at the decision-making level. As advocates, it is necessary to address both the administration of the system with regard to race, but also the policies themselves, and what is necessary to ensure that treatment throughout the system is fair. and therefore not unduly discriminating against those who are unemployed during sentencing may help to furtherfairness overall. As Van Dykenotes, thechallenge for the criminal justice system is to discover at what point negotiateddifferentiation becomes an imposed discrimination.We need to distinguishbetween notionsofprocess and outcome; justice and fairness in the way laws are administered does not necessarily make themfair inandof themselves.Thus,there exists discrimination on a broad levelwithin the criminal justicesystem,which needs to be recognised andaddressed at the decision-making level. As Von Hirschadvocates, it is necessary to address both theadministration of the system withregard to race,but also the policiesthemselves, and what is necessary to ensure that treatment throughout thesystem is fair. The fact of the matter, however, is that ethnic minorities do notcare whatreasonsunderpinthe discrimination they are suffering, whether it be due tobroader socio-economic factors or whether it issues directly from the personthey are dealingwith (Waters). The result is a lack of legitimacy in their eyes,attributed to the criminal justice system as a whole, resulting in blackdefendants being more likely to pleadnot guilty and to optfor the Crown court(Von Hirsch),thus furtherincreasingtheir propensity to be sentencedseverely. The problem becomes perpetual:if the justice system is viewed asinequitable it will breed defianceamong those who feel they are not beingtreated fairly, resulting in afurtherhike in the overrepresentation ofethnicminorities within the system. If the system is to made to operate equitably in relation to race it will require a tall order of reforms. Whilst direct and institutional racism can be addressed by ethnic minority recruitment drives within the police force, and racial awareness trainingfor all criminal justiceofficials, the broadersocial-economic issues will require change in politicaland social policy(Hood and Shute). Whatis clearis that race is a covertissue;a difficult problem to attemptto address as so few are willing toacknowledge its existenceoutright(Bosworth). Thus perhaps most pertinentwould be to increase awareness of the prevalenceofbroaderforms of indirectdiscrimination and social inequality and to attempt to keep these concerns in Oxbridge Essayswww.oxbridgeessays.comOxbridge Essays www.oxbridgeessays.com mind so that decisions at all stages can, at least as much as is possible, be made equitably.