How is Death And Violence Portrayed In Romeo And Juliet By William Shakespeare Essay Example

How is Death And Violence Portrayed In Romeo And Juliet By William Shakespeare? Paper Romeo And Juliet is quite possibly the most famous love story of all time. It has many concurrent themes running throughout the course of the entire story and one that is very prevalent is that of death and violence, the violence being both verbal and physical. Shakespeare merged the themes of death and violence with those of passion, love, and affection, which contrast beautifully with the more macabre themes to create a distinctive mood and atmosphere. In this essay I will be showing exactly how Shakespeare portrayed the said issues of death and violence in Romeo And Juliet. Violence often plays a part in media, being shown more and more on film and television. Nowadays we have trailers or commercials to tell the prospective viewer of the details of what will happen in what they are watching. In Shakespeares time they had prologues at the beginning of the plays. Prologues were an outline of the story of the play and the prologue of Romeo and Juliet was no different. It instantly shows how death and violence was going to be a major aspect of the play. The lines From ancient grudge break to new mutiny / civil blood makes civil hands unclean, show instantaneously how there has been a grievance between some people who are quite obviously of the nobility and how the grievance has turned violent and blood is being shed. The fact that they are of the nobility has more of an impact as a petty feud like the one the families have would normally be between families of a lower order or social standing. We will write a custom essay sample on How is Death And Violence Portrayed In Romeo And Juliet By William Shakespeare? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How is Death And Violence Portrayed In Romeo And Juliet By William Shakespeare? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How is Death And Violence Portrayed In Romeo And Juliet By William Shakespeare? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Progressing to the opening scene, we get yet more hints that these two families are so hostile towards each other as two members of the Capulet faction, Gregory and Samson, enter talking about the sorts of things they would like to do to any Montague and their maids will push Montagues men from the wall, and thrust his maids to the wall. When they come across two Montagues and the aggression spills over into confrontation as the Capulets begin to bite their thumbs at the Montagues. This is a sign of disrespect (I will bite my thumb at them; which is a disgrace to them, if they bear it) so the Montagues take offence and go and confront the Capulets. After some verbal aggression (Draw, if you be men. Gregory, remember thy swashing blow), a fight breaks out and the non-violent Montague Benvolio attempts to break it up. More and more members of each family arrive (Tybalt and Lords Capulet and Montague) and as it escalates to the brink of a riot it is haltered by the Prince. He issues thi s grave warning, Rebellious subjects, enemies to peaceonce more, on pain of death, all men depart. This basically means that any more public displays of un-chivalrous behavior from either family will result in execution. This is the first time post prologue that the issue of death is hinted at. After the Princes decree, the mood calms and changes from unbridled fury to one of concern from Lord Montague over the whereabouts of his son. When Romeo first enters we get a hint of how Shakespeare breaks the tension created before hand with something more lighthearted. In this case Romeos unrequited lust after Rosaline. Scene two further sets a differing mood when we see Lord Capulet portrayed as a loving father in his reluctance to force Juliet into marriage with Paris. Scene three begins to incline into more sinister things with Romeos dream prediction of foreboding (I fear too early; for my mind misgives/Some consequences yet hanging in the stars/Shall bitterly begin his fearful date/Withuntimely death). This is the initial part of the dramatic irony that runs so constantly in the play. It is ironic as his prediction of untimely death is so true and as it was stated in the prologue the audience would be more intrigued, constantly waiting for the moment when the untimely death happens. Scene five once again shatters the tension made with people dancing and singing and generally enjoying the party. This fun is however short lived as Tybalt overhears Romeo and lowers the tone by ordering for his sword (Fetch me my rapier, boy). This shows the tension between families, as Tybalt is willing to ruin his uncles party just to fight one Montague. An odd thing happens next as Lord Capulet tells Tybalt to calm down and let him enjoy the party. He even pays Romeo a compliment saying he is a portly gentleman. This portrays Tybalts actions as childish and rash and lures the audience into a sense of false impression by making them think there is not as much bad blood as was initially thought although this could not be further from the truth. More dramatic irony is shown after Romeo and Juliet first meet in Juliets over the top albeit chillingly accurate comment of my grave is to be my wedding bed. Act two, Scene two is where we next get a sense of violence and foreboding when Romeo states that his life were better ended by their hate/Than death prorogued, wanting of thy love. His immature comment about his true love for Juliet is riddled with hints of just how much anger there is between the families and how he would be killed if people knew how he felt for one of the enemy. In scene four, Tybalt sends a letter addressed to Romeo requesting a conflict. Upon news of this Romeo and Mercutio embark on a playful war of wit and words with Romeo emerging victor against the razor sharp Mercutio because of his high spirits over his love for Juliet. However this glee doesnt last and his good frame of mind is dampened by Tybalt once again bringing the feud back into the frame. Scene five contains very little in the way of death or violence but it has the intriguing quote from Juliet but old folks, many feign as they were dead. This is once again dramatic irony rearing its head as the feigning of death is what causes the confusion which leads to the two star crossed lovers deaths. The same can be said along the lines of quantity of death and violence for scene six however Friar Laurences warning of violent delights have violent ends is plagued with foreboding of how their love for each other is just asking for trouble. Act three, Scene ones main basis is conflict, rage and violence. With Romeos decline of Tybalts invitation to fight, Mercutio leaps at the chance to defend his friend Romeo and after a barrage of verbal insults from either side swords are drawn and Mercutio ends up mortally wounded. With his dying breath he says a plague o both your houses. This shows how the stupidity of the family quarrel is only made obvious upon death. With word of Mercutios death reaching Romeo, he seeks revenge and upon hunting down Tybalt his aggression spills over and Tybalt is slain. Romeo flees before the Prince arrives with fear of execution in his mind. When the Prince finally turns up on the scene a definite sense of status is shown with the Prince being respected by all. Declaration is given of Romeo being exiled from Verona. Whilst this is happening, Juliet is nervously waiting for news of Romeo from the Nurse and when the news of Tybalts death and Romeos exile reaches her she is faced with a predicament. Does she side with her love or her family? She begins to see things in a new light after denouncing, and then restating her love for Romeo. Scene three shows Romeo as hysterical and suicidal and once again death is prevalent. hadst thou no poison mixd, no sharp-ground knife shows his desperateness but he is soon calmed by Friar Laurences age and wisdom and Romeo regains some composure. Scene 4 shows Lord Capulets callousness during this time of mourning as he changes his initial thoughts and arranges a marriage for Juliet. The irony of this being, that at that moment both Juliet and Romeo were together consummating their illicit marriage after they eloped. When news of the arrangement is broken to Juliet and she is naturally opposed, Capulet believes this as a personal insult to him and he gives her an ultimatum: marry Paris, or leave. The way he delivers this is particularly aggressive, with him personally insulting his only child you tallow face! /Hang thee baggage! /Disobedient wretch!. As the nurse tries to console the distraught Juliet she is quite frank about what she says. for it excels your first; or if did not/Your first is dead-or twere as good as he were/And leaving here and you no use of him. Juliet finds this horrifying that her closest friend is insinuating that she leave Romeo, her true love, as he is never coming back to Verona. Distressed, she leav es to see Friar Laurence where a plan is hatched. In act 4, Romeo is in Mantua awaiting news from the Friar whilst Juliet is with Laurence discussing the marriage conundrum. He says she can take a potion that will give her the symptoms for death for two and forty hours. This references back to act two, scene four and although the plan appears watertight to the two of them, it has a sense of foreboding looming over it. Scene three shows Juliet in a state of distress before the potion is taken and her line farewell! God knows when we shall meet again is very meaningful as it has more truth than she believes as in they would never again both lay eyes on each other until they actually died. The play progresses further to the point where Romeo receives word that Juliet has died and been moved to her family crypt. Because Romeo doesnt know Juliets plan he is distraught. This is an example of how the death and violence goes further than it being in its physical form and show how it has affected Romeo emotionally. The plays climax is wrought with tension because of the air of Juliets death hanging over everyone. Romeo travels to the Capulet crypt to see Juliet one last time, purchasing a vile of poison along the way. This confirms with the audience that that wasnt the last of the death. Upon entering the tomb he confronts Paris, who he quickly disposes of. The audience can tell just how relevant them being in a crypt together is when Romeo drinks the poison gazing on the dead Juliet. Just after that happens Juliet awakens from her slumber to see a dead Romeo by her side and, knowing that she cant live without him plunges his dagger into her chest. The relevance being that two people in a crypt are almost destined to stay there together, forever. Although extreme this was exactly what both Romeo and Juliet wanted. Shakespeare is brilliant in that for every light hearted scene, he used tension or death and violence to lower the tone slightly and keep people interested. Death and violence was portrayed excellently throughout Romeo and Juliet but I feel the last scene was the strongest. It was portrayed not as it appears, but as a sentiment between two lovers that, whilst being sad, also helps to break down all the rest of this issues in the play by showing that after all the problems between families, Romeo and Juliet are now perfectly peaceful

HRM

HRM Table of contents:Table of contents:Introduction 3Methodology 4Responsibilities and Roles of the Human Resource in the Company 4The Possibility of HR to be Connected with the Other Departments 5The Status of HR with the Board of Directors of Different Companies 6Issues With Regards to the Present Human Resource Department 7Evaluating and Measuring Human Resource Management 11Conclusion 12REFERENCES: 14IntroductionThere are so many factors as to why the business reaches its objectivesthere is the capital, the management, the manpower, and many others. However, in any company, the most considered assets are its employees. These companies rely on their workers to achieve their goals. Thus, the employees need to be kept happy, well trained, enthusiastic, efficient, and out of trouble. As business expands and grows, the labor relationship grows more complex and demandingthis is where the human resource (HR) manager and officers come in.English: Facade of Ives Hall, Cornell UniversityThe h uman resource departments in certain companies are responsible for stimulating and communicating with their employees.The tasks that the HR department covers are so complex and so vital in a company. The indicated tasks are not the only tasks that the HR departments are into. There is even a need for their responsibilities to be intertwined with the other aspects of the company; it should be intertwined with the strategies being implemented in the business. Human resource activities in a company must directly support business strategy as well as the satisfaction of customers and employees needs. The tasks of human resource are getting complicated each day; the jobs in the human department should never be underestimated. The tasks of the HR include leading and implementing different changes in the company.At present, the human resource department has been considered crucial in every organization. There is a great...

Life Expectancy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Life Expectancy - Essay Example Over the past century, and specifically over the past several decades, overall human life expectancy in nearly all corners of the globe has increased dramatically. As a function of relating an explanation to this, the following discussion will be concentric upon providing some key insights as to why this increase in life expectancy might be explained. It is the further hope of this student that after reading the following essay and engaging with the research that will be represented, the reader will come to a more informed understanding with respect to the way in which life expectancy has increased and the overall inference that can be had from such an understanding; specifically how it might relate to the future of healthcare and society. This paper aims at providing detailed information on the reasons of the rise in life expectancy in the last century in order to show that the most significant factor has been advancement in technology. One of the first and most obvious reasons for the drastic increase in life expectancy relates to the drastic decrease in infant mortality that was evidenced during so much of human history (Kenichi et al., 2014). As medical science came to understand the complications and threats that existed for the very young, the means by which unique treatments could be directed towards the mothers and their newborns came to be better and better. Moreover, the process of having a doctor or midwife come to the home as a function of delivering the baby began to fall out of fashion; exhibiting a situation in which a sanitary hospital or doctor’s office that was invariably better equipped came to represent the standard of live birth throughout the world (Wilson, 2014). Moreover, the vaccines that have come available since the introduction of penicillin have helped infants and newborns to survive and fight infections that might have otherwise claimed their lives prematurely (Satoshi, 2014). Wi th the

Dieting in America and Obesity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Dieting in America and Obesity - Essay Example "The evidence from observational studies is conflicting: some studies have shown weight loss to be associated with increased mortality, but this could be because differentiation was not made between intentional and unintentional weight loss. Mechanistic hypotheses can be raised for both beneficial and harmful effects of weight loss." (Ryan) Therefore, the medical, psychological and social risks of obesity and dieting offer an important point of comparison between the two and there are various views on this question. Analyzing the risks involved in obesity, it becomes lucid that there are numerous diseases and health risks caused by obesity which include hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, cancers, gall bladder disease, glucose intolerance, respiratory diseases, osteoarthritis etc. However, it is important realize these risks in the context of the social and psychological aspects, along with the medical aspects. "Despite the risks related to obesity, it is a mistake to exaggerate those risks.

Knowledge management Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Knowledge management - Annotated Bibliography Example d that KM is supported as a means of harnessing and utilizing intellectual resources to address challenges, as well as improving innovation, business performance and client approval. This paper aims at providing annotated bibliography for the topic of knowledge management. After careful selection, five articles have been found from the online library, and these have been discussed here in the paper. A common format has been used for summarizing the articles to be able to cover the major aspects of the paper. The main aim of the article is to identify the nature of the methodology employed by top business and management journals and to analyse the aspects that are considered while creation of the management knowledge. This article has used a very different approach and completes its sampling from the various other management articles that have been presented in the past. Based on this, the following information: Sample: A hundred and twenty articles have been chosen from leading management journals between the periods of 1991 to 2000.Instrument: Secondary Data collection (Desk Study) Analysis: The analysis of the article focuses on the characteristics of the authorship and also focuses on the research methodology adopted by the sample articles. The research findings clearly provides detailed explanation of the authorship profiles, where it has been found that majority of the contributors are senior academics and only as low as 6% of the total papers were actually by lecturers or assistant professors. The major contributors were the associate professors and the professors. The findings also find that majority of the authors were male with around 35% of the authors as female. This research although not directly related to the topic, proves to be very helpful and impactful in the field of research as in knowledge management. This article helps the students and the readers identify with a various set of important aspects like the reliability, and validity of the

Ethical Issues of Undercover Police

Ethical Issues of Undercover Police Abstract When an officer goes on an undercover assignment, it is more psychological for the officer than anything else. Undercover assignments can cause havoc on the officers marriage, family relationships and even on his self. When officers go deep undercover for long periods of time, it sometimes can cause them to go rogue and become on the other side of the law. There are certain rules and regulations that officers have to follow while undercover, this paper will discuss these rules and regulations of being undercover as well as reviewing all the ethical dilemmas the two undercover officers faced while on assignment. Also, how a new supervisor could prevent that type of behavior with future undercover officers will also be discussed in this paper. It is so essential for someone that goes on undercover, to not get lost while on assignment. The focus is essential; they cannot lose focus. It may be exciting for some but some; it could lead them on a road of continuous unethical decision makin g. Introduction On many occasions, undercover officers are forced to be away from their family and friends for long periods of time. It can reek havoc on that family relationship because some officer’s attitudes change as well as their absence from the home. If they have children, it makes it that much worse. It is necessary for officers who go undercover always to follow the rules and regulations to avoid falling on the other side of the law and going rogue. If the officer does not follow the rules and regulations exactly, it is easy for them to get caught up in illegal activities. Undercover officers face ethical dilemmas all the time; it is up to them to make the right decision over the wrong one. If the officer makes the wrong decision, it can not only put them and the rest of the team’s lives in danger, but it could also cost them their career and land them potentially behind bars with the same criminals they put behind those same bars. Rules and Regulations of Undercover Assignments There are not many rules that are known to the public for the simple reason of not allowing the public to weed out those who are undercover. However, there is a two-drink maximum rule in place where officers are only allowed to consume two alcoholic drinks per night while undercover. However, while permitting specific illegal behavior on behalf of the police who are undercover, the public will lose trust in the police for the simple fact the police were allowed to legally break the law when if the people of the community did the same thing, they would be arrested and charged with no questions asked. Having public trust and moral authority is essential for the police in a democratic society (Joh, 2009). It is allowing the officers to be free of following the basic rule of law principles that are set in place. Every state has their own set of undercover rules and regulations, and they may differ from state to state. However, for the state of Oregan, the covert operations are explained in detail of what is and is not allowed while conducting an undercover investigation (0640.95 Undercover Safety and Operation Procedures | 0600 Field Operations | The City of Portland, Oregon, 2018). Officers who work undercover could work the assignment alone or with two or more team members. The most crucial thing for an officer to remember is never to have any clothing or items that are visible to the naked eyes that would reveal theyre true identity. So this would include, their badge, uniform, holster, anything that would be recognized as a police uniform (0640.95 Undercover Safety and Operation Procedures, 2018). In Portland, there are a few different rules that must be followed by the officers going undercover. A few of those rules include: The officer cannot consume any controlled substances. If a situation arises that the officer is being forced to use, they should refuse. However, if the suspect pushes more, the officer should take their self out of the situation and terminate the assignment. Another rule is for the officer always to be armed no matter where they are at (0640.95 Undercover Safety and Operation Procedures, 2018). Also, officers should not drink alcohol when on assignment, however, if the situation arises that they must they should refrain from drinking in excess. Nevertheless, if alcohol was consumed then the officer should report it immediately and cannot participate in any police activity until the effects of the alcohol have worn off (0640.95 Undercover Safety and Operation Procedures, 2018). The Ethical Dilemma’s Officers Face In the scenario, both officers made numerous unethical decisions that could have cost them both their career or even their life. When the officer’s get caught by their superiors of committing police misconduct, and they see no punishment for their actions, then it leaves the officer to continue their behavior and sometimes even escalate their behavior. For example, the more experienced officer, Tony, consumed many drinks, bought cigarettes and even played pool on the contingency funds. He also has purchased Marijuana with the same funds. Tony’s informant even gets paid fifty dollars from the funds needed for the investigation. However, when Tony sees’s the informant, he not only kisses her but also grabs her behind and makes an offensive statement to her. This is not necessary to keep his cover. He sounds like a jerk especially since he does not like to work as a team. He prefers to work alone. Even though Tony logged the expenses into the book does not mean all that he logged was accurate. When he paid the informant the fifty dollars, the receipt was not witnessed by Johnny until the next day. He was asked to witness the receipt of the transaction between Tony and his informant, but he lied because he was not there when the transaction occurred so he can not say for sure where that fifty dollars went. Over the past three years, Johnny has many accomplishments but also has had to face the consequences relating to a traffic accident while using an undercover car, being late as well as using inappropriate language and turning his reports in late. Noticeably, the more Johnny is around Tony, the more he is becoming just like him. He is disregarding his job, his family and other outside commitments. They both ditch work and go to the bar and drink until their shift ends. So now they are driving home intoxicated. Johnny has become just like Tony in regards to not being a team player. Tony has negatively influenced Johnny. Instead of showing him the right way to do things, he showed him the way he does things. However, by doing this, Johnny is now lying to his wife about his whereabouts as well as drinking excessively on the job which entails driving intoxicated. Coming in all hours of the night when he was not working or way after his shift ended. This is not the type of behavior of an o fficer, whether uniformed or undercover, should act. Johnny even using his unmarked car for pleasure without asking or notifying his superior. Preventing the Same Behavior in the Future When a new supervisor comes into the department, they should have an idea of how they want their unit ran. No matter how long any of the officers have been there, it is the supervisor’s job to make sure things are running efficiently as well as avoiding any misconduct from their officers (Dwyer, 2008). There is a set of code of ethics that is separate from the formalized rules and regulations. The supervisor should take the code of ethics and print them on a card for each officer. A small card they can carry around with them at all times, in their wallet or pocket. Every time they put they hand in their pocket; they will feel the card and glance at it. The problem with many departments, is some of the officer’s do not give the code of ethics a second thought (Dwyer, 2008). When these code of ethics have been violated by an officer, the consequence should be enforced and not pushed under the rug. The example should be made of these officers because then the newer officer s will get the idea that the supervisor nor the department is something to take lightly. By the police department being able to control their officers behavior as they see fit is essential when trying to accomplish the agency’s service goals and mission. Having the courts back the departments is also necessary. Rarely, officers who have made attempts to persuade the courts to make the departments relax the dictates has been deterred (Dwyer, 2008).   It is so important to have a department that has stability, and once the balance is shaken, the officer who is trying to go against it should be handled right then and there. There should not be a chance after chance because all that tell the officers is that its okay do not do it again, in which they do (Dwyer, 2008). Conclusion Every officer, whether in uniform or undercover, should have a code of ethics they follow. Most people are raised up with morals, and some carry those morals as they grow up, but some forget those morals after they leave home. Not only should a person have their own set of ethics to follow but also they should follow their department’s code of ethics. If more officers were reprimanded for violating any of the code of ethics set by their department, then maybe there would be less misconduct within the criminal justice system. There is no officer better than the other. Being on the police force means having a team of officers, not a solo officer who feels they can take on the world by their self. When the officers have that mentality, they sometimes end up on the other side of the law. References 0640.95 Undercover Safety and Operation Procedures | 0600 Field Operations | The City of Portland, Oregon. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.portlandoregon.gov/police/article/529154 Dwyer, T. (2008). Codes of ethics and officer discipline. Retrieved from https://www.policeone.com/legal/articles/1743985-Codes-of-ethics-and-officer-discipline/ Joh, E. (2009). Breaking the Law to Enforce it: Undercover Police Participation in Crime.  Stanford Law Review,  62.

Helen Keller Essay -- Helen Keller Blind Mute Death Essays Bio

Helen Keller Imagine a life without being able to see or hear and not knowing how to communicate with anyone around you. That world of darkness is what Helen Keller lived in for six years. Helen Keller has been an inspiration to people ever since she turned six. From 1886-1960, she proved herself to be a creative and inspiring woman of America. She was a writer and lecturer who fought for the rights of disadvantaged people all over the world. Most importantly, she overcame her two most difficult obstacles, being blind and deaf. Helen Keller devoted her life to improving the education and treatment of the blind, deaf, and mute and fighting for minorities as well. Miss Keller was one of the first to educate the public and make them aware of inflicted individuals' potential. Because of her persistence and strength, she is considered a creative and unique spirit by many people of the world, especially those who can relate to her physical impairments. Helen Keller was born a healthy child. When Helen was 19 months old, she became ill with what was known as acute congestion of the brain and stomach; this is now known as scarlet fever. As a result, she was left blind, deaf, and mute. For many of her earlier years Helen lived in darkness with very few ways to communicate with others around her. Obviously her attempts were not always successful. When she failed to communicate she would throw fits and have outburst that would upset not only her, but her family as well. Because of these violent fits, she appeared to be a very unruly child, but underneath all of the tragedy was a future inspirational figure that would surprise the world with amazing and countless abilities. A large amount of Helen's accomplishments would not have been possible if it weren't for her mother and father. Her parents read about Samuel Gridley Howe's accomplishments with the deaf and blind at the Perkins Institution in Boston. With this knowledge, her father brought his daughter to Alexander Graham Bell, a family friend who was well known in society. Bell was so fascinated by six year old Helen that he recommended that she contact the Perkins Institute for the Blind in Boston. Anne Sullivan, who was also a recent Perkins graduate, was suggested to be Helen's teacher by Michael Anagnos. Michael Anagnos was the professor of Samuel Gridley Howe, a gentleman who ... ...ce movement before World War I. Many agencies and institutions have been named after Helen Keller as well. Helen Keller International was set-up to fight blindness in the world. Currently, Helen Keller International is one of the biggest organizations that works with the blind overseas ("The Life" 3). In 1986, the Industrial Home for the Blind was renamed to Helen Keller Services for the Blind. This agency provides special services for the blind in New York. Because of her attempts and struggles, the blind now have better care, training, and employment. "I am a beneficiary of her work. Because of her example, the world has given way a little," says David Jackson, a blind jazz singer (Shuur 2). Works Cited Ashby, Ruth, and Deborah Gore Orhn. Herstory. New York: The Penguin Group, 1995. Briggs, ASA. A Dictionary of 20th Century World Biographies. New York: Oxford, 1992. Shuur, Diane. "The Miracle: Helen Keller." Time. 1999 http://www.time.com (2 Feb. 2000) "The Life of Helen Keller." RNIB. 1999 http://www.rnib.org.uk (28 Jan. 2000) "The Life of Helen Keller: An American Hero." Helen Keller International. 1999 http://www.hki.org (4 Feb. 2000)

Aristotle view on politics Essay

Political science studies the tasks of the politician or statesman (politikos), in much the way that medical science concerns the work of the physician (see Politics IV. 1). It is, in fact, the body of knowledge that such practitioners, if truly expert, will also wield in pursuing their tasks. The most important task for the politician is, in the role of lawgiver (nomothetes), to frame the appropriate constitution for the city-state. This involves enduring laws, customs, and institutions (including a system of moral education) for the citizens. Once the constitution is in place, the politician needs to take the appropriate measures to maintain it, to introduce reforms when he finds them necessary, and to prevent developments which might subvert the political system. This is the province of legislative science, which Aristotle regards as more important than politics as exercised in everyday political activity such as the passing of decrees (see EN VI. 8). Aristotle frequently compares the politician to a craftsman. The analogy is imprecise because politics, in the strict sense of legislative science, is a form of practical knowledge, while a craft like architecture or medicine is a form of productive knowledge. However, the comparison is valid to the extent that the politician produces, operates, maintains a legal system according to universal principles (EN VI. 8 and X. 9). In order to appreciate this analogy it is helpful to observe that Aristotle explains the production of an artifact in terms of four causes: the material, formal, efficient, and final causes (Phys.II. 3 and Met. A. 2). For example, clay (material cause) is molded into a vase shape (formal cause) by a potter (efficient or moving cause) so that it can contain liquid (final cause). (For discussion of the four causes see the entry on Aristotle’s physics. ) One can also explain the existence of the city-state in terms of the four causes. It is a kind of community (koinonia), that is, a collection of parts having some functions and interests in common (Pol. II. 1. 1261a18, III. 1. 1275b20). Hence, it is made up of parts, which Aristotle describes in various ways in different contexts: as households, or economic classes (e. g. , the rich and the poor), or demes (i. e. , local political units). But, ultimately, the city-state is composed of individual citizens (see III. 1. 1274a38–41), who, along with natural resources, are the â€Å"material† or â€Å"equipment† out of which the city-state is fashioned (see VII. 14. 1325b38-41). The formal cause of the city-state is its constitution (politeia). Aristotle defines the constitution as â€Å"a certain ordering of the inhabitants of the city-state† (III. 1. 1274b32-41). He also speaks of the constitution of a community as â€Å"the form of the compound† and argues that whether the community is the same over time depends on whether it has the same constitution (III. 3. 1276b1–11). The constitution is not a written document, but an immanent organizing principle, analogous to the soul of an organism. Hence, the constitution is also â€Å"the way of life† of the citizens (IV. 11.1295a40-b1, VII. 8. 1328b1-2). Here the citizens are that minority of the resident population who possess full political rights (III. 1. 1275b17–20). The existence of the city-state also requires an efficient cause, namely, its ruler. On Aristotle’s view, a community of any sort can possess order only if it has a ruling element or authority. This ruling principle is defined by the constitution, which sets criteria for political offices, particularly the sovereign office (III. 6. 1278b8–10; cf. IV. 1. 1289a15–18). However, on a deeper level, there must be an efficient cause to explain why a city-state acquires its constitution in the first place. Aristotle states that â€Å"the person who first established [the city-state] is the cause of very great benefits† (I. 2. 1253a30–1). This person was evidently the lawgiver (nomothetes), someone like Solon of Athens or Lycurgus of Sparta, who founded the constitution. Aristotle compares the lawgiver, or the politician more generally, to a craftsman (demiourgos) like a weaver or shipbuilder, who fashions material into a finished product (II.12. 1273b32–3, VII. 4. 1325b40–1365a5). The notion of final cause dominates Aristotle’s Politics from the opening lines: Since we see that every city-state is a sort of community and that every community is established for the sake of some good (for everyone does everything for the sake of what they believe to be good), it is clear that every community aims at some good, and the community which has the most authority of all and includes all the others aims highest, that is, at the good with the most authority. This is what is called the city-state or political community. [I. 1. 1252a1–7] Soon after, he states that the city-state comes into being for the sake of life but exists for the sake of the good life (2. 1252b29–30). The theme that the good life or happiness is the proper end of the city-state recurs throughout the Politics (III. 6. 1278b17-24, 9. 1280b39; VII. 2. 1325a7–10). To sum up, the city-state is a hylomorphic (i. e., matter-form) compound of a particular population (i. e. , citizen-body) in a given territory (material cause) and a constitution (formal cause). The constitution itself is fashioned by the lawgiver and is governed by politicians, who are like craftsmen (efficient cause), and the constitution defines the aim of the city-state (final cause, IV. 1. 1289a17–18). For a further discussion of this topic, see the following supplementary document:

Flame Test Essays

Flame Test Essays Flame Test Paper Flame Test Paper Title: Flame Test Aim: To determine the cation in each of the unknown substance X, Y and Z by observing the flame colour of different metal compounds. Introduction: A distinctive feature of many s-block metals is their ability to produce flame colours. At temperature of a Bunsen flame, a compound will decompose to give gaseous atoms of its constituent elements. When an electron in the gaseous atom absorbs energy from the flame, it will move from an orbital with lower energy to an orbital with higher energy. When such an electron returns from an orbital of higher energy to an orbital of lower energy, a photon with energy equal to the difference in energy of the two orbitals will be emitted. An emission line results. Each element has a unique emission spectrum. A metal can be identified if it has a strong emission line in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Thus when a compound such as NaCl is vaporized in a flame, ion pairs are converted to gaseous atoms. Na(g) atoms are excited to high energies, and 589nm (yellow) light is emitted as the excited atoms revert to their ground state electronic configurations. : Therefore, the cation in the unknown substances can be identify. Chemicals: Concentrated Hydrochloric acid (about 10 cm3) The following solids (0. 1 g) for flame tests: Barium chloride Calcium chloride Copper (II) chloride Magnesium chloride Potassium chloride Sodium chloride Unknown solids containing a single cation and labelled X, Y and Z Apparatus: Bunsen burner Insulation mat Platinum wire (or Nichrome wire), Watch glass Safety precaution: As concentrated hydrochloric acid is corrosive, skin contact should be avoided. It is preferable to use polythene gloves and wear goggles while handling it. Copper (II) chloride and barium chloride are highly toxic by ingestion. Avoid contact with eyes and skin. When Busen burner is not being used, close the air hole so that you can see the yellow flame. Keep your clothing away from the flame. Procedure: 1. The platinum wire was dipped into concentrated hydrochloric acid and heated in a non-luminous flame until the flame is no longer coloured. 2. A spatula of sample (e. g. barium chloride) was put onto a clean watch glass. 3. The platinum wire is dipped into concentrated hydrochloric acid and then the crushed sample of salt to be tested. . The end of the platinum wire is heated strongly in a non-luminous flame again. 5. The colour of the flame at the wire is observed and recorded. 6. The platinum wire is cleaned thoroughly after testing each solid. The test is repeated with chloride of Ca2+, Cu2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+ and unknown solid X, Y and Z in turn. Results: Compound| Colour of the flame| Cation Presents| Barium chloride| Apple green| | C alcium chloride| Brick red| | Copper(II) chloride| Bluish green| | Magnesium chloride| White| | Potassium chloride| Lilac| | Sodium chloride| Golden yellow| | X| Lilac| K+| Y| Bluish green| Cu2+| Z| Golden yellow| Na+| Discussion: 1. Why do certain metal ions give flame colours in this way? The elements have their outer electrons loosely bound so that they can be easily excited to higher energy levels on heating. As these electrons return to their ground states, radiations are emitted. It happens that for many Group I and II metals, these emitted radiations fall into the visible range of the spectrum, so that they can be seen by eyes, i. e. , visible. 2. What is the function of concentrated hydrochloric acid? It is used to clean the platinum wire. The concentrated hydrochloric acid converts ant contaminated salts to their corresponding chlorides, which are usually more volatile to be vaporized off. It gives better observations as the boiling point of metal chloride is lower and less heat is needed to vaporize it. Besides, the sample of powdered compound whose flame colour is to determined is easier to stuck on the platinum wire. 3. Substance A gives a golden yellow flame in flame test. When an acidified solution of A is treated with silver nitrate solution, a yellow precipitate is formed. The precipitate is insoluble in excess ammonia solution. Name A. Substance A is sodium iodide. Limitation The range of detected elements is small, and the test relies on the subjective experience of the experimenter rather than any objective measurements. The test has difficulty detecting small concentrations of some elements, while too strong a result may be produced for certain others, which tends to drown out weaker signals. Moreover, the test cannot differentiate between all elements. Several metals produce the same flame color while some compounds do not change the color of the flame at all. Source of error The source of error of the experiment include the subjective judgment of the colour by the human eye. Besides, the traces of Impurities from the last substance tested and the position of the wire put in the flame also affect the accuracy of the experiment. Improvement The wire should be moved first through the cooler part of the non-luminous Bunsen flame by approaching from underneath, so that even very volatile substances could colour the flame long enough to be observable. The platinum wire should be cleaned thoroughly before testing for a new compound as impurities or contaminants affect the test results. Conclusion: The cation in the unknown substance X, Y and Z is K+, Cu2+ and Na+ respectively.

Free Essays on Marilyn Manson

Marilyn Manson Marilyn Manson: Pushing the 1st Amendment Marilyn Manson is a name that has been a thorn in the side of society as a moral and ethical issue for the parents and kids of the generation â€Å"X†. He is one of the most controversial artists in the world today, one who chooses to express himself in a way that provokes in the most extreme methods possible. His methods are bizarre and shunned by most of society, as it cannot fathom what he is trying to accomplish. However, further research into his life and beliefs will explain that he is sending a very strong message to the world. A message that is firmly protect by the First Amendment in the American Constitution. This freedom has unleashed a number of technical issues, as well as indirect damage done by the people who would interpret his message incorrectly. The First Amendment guarantees freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and freedom of association (assembly). It also protects the rights of citizens to worship as they plea se and the right not to be forced to support someone else’s religion. The First Amendment also provides for the right to assemble and to demand a change in government policies. (Bill of Rights, Encarta 1999 CDROM). Manson uses this freedom fully, getting his message across by any means possible, mainly to the younger generation. These younger generations are more accepting of his attitude and beliefs, partly due to the fact that teens are more susceptible to mass persuasion and are easily confused. This has helped Manson conjure up a large loyal following of disgruntled teens that are called â€Å"Mansonites.† How Manson gets his message across has been the center of controversy revolving around the US ever since Manson’s rise to stardom. His moral, ethical and religious actions have been questioned repeatedly. His ethics may be a representation of how disorientated American society has become in the late 1990s. Alternatively, Manson may simply... Free Essays on Marilyn Manson Free Essays on Marilyn Manson Marilyn Manson Marilyn Manson: Pushing the 1st Amendment Marilyn Manson is a name that has been a thorn in the side of society as a moral and ethical issue for the parents and kids of the generation â€Å"X†. He is one of the most controversial artists in the world today, one who chooses to express himself in a way that provokes in the most extreme methods possible. His methods are bizarre and shunned by most of society, as it cannot fathom what he is trying to accomplish. However, further research into his life and beliefs will explain that he is sending a very strong message to the world. A message that is firmly protect by the First Amendment in the American Constitution. This freedom has unleashed a number of technical issues, as well as indirect damage done by the people who would interpret his message incorrectly. The First Amendment guarantees freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and freedom of association (assembly). It also protects the rights of citizens to worship as they plea se and the right not to be forced to support someone else’s religion. The First Amendment also provides for the right to assemble and to demand a change in government policies. (Bill of Rights, Encarta 1999 CDROM). Manson uses this freedom fully, getting his message across by any means possible, mainly to the younger generation. These younger generations are more accepting of his attitude and beliefs, partly due to the fact that teens are more susceptible to mass persuasion and are easily confused. This has helped Manson conjure up a large loyal following of disgruntled teens that are called â€Å"Mansonites.† How Manson gets his message across has been the center of controversy revolving around the US ever since Manson’s rise to stardom. His moral, ethical and religious actions have been questioned repeatedly. His ethics may be a representation of how disorientated American society has become in the late 1990s. Alternatively, Manson may simply...

Managment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managment - Essay Example The storm of uprising had comprehensive results across North Africa. The businesses of many multinational companies had been majorly affected. The political volatility and financial breakdown have affected the global supply chain. Many European agricultural and textile companies have been defenseless to counter the uprising in the Middle East and North African (MENA) countries. The political risk in these countries has led to deteriorating financial condition and unavailability of credit. This scenario has brought forward payment risks for multinational companies which are operating in Middle East and North African region. The instability in MENA has created disruption in the oil industry and boosted the prices of petrochemical products. The risk of disorder in those countries has harmfully affected the supply chain and energy production companies (Dun & Bradstreet Limited, 2011). The uprising in Tunisia has increased the business risks. During the protests many business enterprises had shut down their operations. The retailing businesses were affected by raiding and the tourism industry had faced huge losses as travelers escaped from the country. Due to the uprising, the standard capacity consumption in the manufacturing industry reduced to 52.9%. Many banks were demoted by rating agencies and the credit access became limited in the global market (Dun & Bradstreet Limited, 2011). Egypt has followed a path similar to Tunisia. In February 2011, a series of revolutions occurred in many countries of Middle East, and Libya was surrounded by aggressive spiral of protests and it led to civil war. Due to the instabilities in Libya, Egypt and Tunisia the prices of oil reacted quite rapidly. It has been observed that further uprising will increase the price of oil even more and it can affect the business and international economy (Dun & Bradstreet Limited, 2011). Impact of Popular Uprising on Multinational Companies The impact of popular uprising has affected the busine ss and investment of many multinational companies. Libya embraces the most oil funds in Africa and it is the 15th biggest crude oil exporter throughout the world. The losses in Libya had quickly absorbed other countries. Due to the problems related to uprising many Western companies had suspended business operations in these countries. For example, BP vacated its employees and stopped the oil production in Libya. The Repsol–YPF of Spain suspended the oil production in the year 2011. OMV, which is an Austrian Oil related company, minimized their production due to the unrest. Further, the Royal Dutch Shell, Marathon Oil Co., and Wintershall also have started to evacuate their workers (Shanghai Daily Publishing House, 2011). Example of BG Group BG Group is one of the leading companies in international energy and power market. It is a UK based company and its operation is spread worldwide. In Tunisia, BG Group is the biggest producer of domestic gas which is accounted for almost 60% of total gas in Tunisia (BG Group plc, 2011). The uprising and civil unrest in MENA have affected the production of BG group. In the first quarter of 2011, the protestors of Tunisia had cordoned the workers of BG Group and stopped the business operations of the company. The company faced uncertainty due to the long lasting crisis of Tunisia and

Auto Biography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Auto Biography - Essay Example My mother has a rough life, and she is disabled, being a DID with multiple personality disorder, so I help her out as well. Naturally, I am an outgoing, generous, and carefree person. I am smart can learn anything fast, and have a great memory. I have always had a lot of friends at home, school and work. I have always been a leader and I understand how to take on a task and complete with quality. People look up to me at my workplace, and I have been the motivator in the departments I have worked at. I got my GED in 2004 went to the Art institute in Dallas TX for 2 years for visual communications, but stopped going when my mom got ill. Went to Westwood college in Dallas TX for graphic design for a year, but ended it when I found out they are not an accredited school and my credits would not transfer. I finally found Letourneau University from a coworker at work telling me about it. I am going for my bachelors in business management, but also want to get back into graphic and web design after accepting my diploma. I thought an art degree needed something I could fall back on, so going for business since I seem to be good at it in my career. I currently pursue a Bachelor of Arts, Business Management, Letourneau University, Longview, TX, and hopes to graduate in fall 2015. I am a service and administrative professional with more than 10 years of experience leading teams and providing exceptional customer service to clients. I am dedicated to transitioning knowledge and skills from previous experience to build a solid career in the auto finance field. I worked at LA QUINTA, Dallas, TX, from 2002 to 2007, as a front office manager, where I conducted administrative operations, served as first point of contact for all guests, and attended customer phone calls to make room reservations. In addition, I coordinated bookings for conventions, tours, and groups of 50+ people, and collected payments on